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Santiago-Madrid-Dakar: Les battements du développement durable

Santiago-Madrid-Dakar: Les battements du développement durable

Si l’on en croit l’anthropologue et ethnologue français Claude Levis Strauss, « Tout est dans les origines ». A l’origine du concept de développement durable, le constat réalisé est celui du cumul des crises écologiques, économiques et sociales. « Il ne s’agit pas, en effet de crises isolées : une crise de l’environnement, une autre de développement, une autre énergétique. Non, de crise, il n’y a en qu’une ». Rapport Bruntland « notre avenir à tous » (CMED 1987). Pour le Professeur en sciences politiques, Bruno VILLALBA, cette réflexion est politique car, elle interroge le problème de la décision politique. Comment concilier les enjeux du développement humain et les limites environnementales ? Comment construire un ordre du monde compatible avec la finitude ?

Depuis la publication de ce rapport jusqu’à nos jours, c’est cette même notion de gouvernance qui va être diffusée en même temps que la notion de développement durable dont les trois piliers renvoient aux impératifs de la préservation de l’environnement. A savoir l’efficacité économique comme moyen, le développement individuel et collectif comme objectif et enfin l’équité comme un ensemble (condition, moyen et objectif).

Sur le terrain, l’on constate que malgré d’incontestables avancées sur le plan technique (mobilier, habitat, énergie), la question sociale est souvent négligée au profit des politiques strictement environnementales ou d’objectifs purement économiques. C’est ce qui fait que l’on a parfois du mal à définir les priorités et la finalité du développement durable.

En renonçant, en raison du mouvement de contestations, d’accueillir du 2 au 13 décembre 2019 la 25eme Conférence des parties (COP) sur les changements climatiques, le président du Chili Sebastian Piñera n’a manqué de manifester son impuissance. « Nous déplorons profondément les problèmes et les inconvénients que cette décision aura sur la COP 25. En tant que président de tous les Chiliens, je dois toujours donner la priorité aux problèmes et aux intérêts des Chiliens, à leurs besoins et à leurs espoirs ».

Finalement délocalisée à Madrid, sous la Présidence Chiliennecette COP25 a été accueillie par une marche des Ongs et de la société civile pour réclamer des mesures radicales et immédiates pour limiter le réchauffement de la planète.  Placée sous le signe de l’action, la COP25 qui s’est finalement terminée sur une note de déceptions (un accord à minima avec des divergences qui persistent).

Bargny et Mbeubeuss se font entendre

C’est sur cette même terre espagnole que le ministre de l’Environnement et du Développement durable, Abdou Karim Sall a annoncé la transformation de la centrale à charbon de Bargny en une centrale à gaz. Une bonne nouvelle pour les populations locales et l’environnement dans son ensemble.

En décidant de décarboner le combustible par des procédés technologiques qui permettent réellement de réduire les émissions de Co2, le Sénégal prend une option sérieuse dans le respect de la matérialisation de la Contribution Déterminée Nationale (CDN). Un engagement juridique universel et contraignant, dont dépend l’avenir de l’humanité.

L’histoire pourrait presque s’arrêter là, mais parallèlement, les sénégalais sont sortis massivement le vendredi 13 décembre 2019 pour répondre à l’appel d’organisations de la société civile pour une marche contre la hausse du prix de l’électricité. Le samedi 14 décembre 2019, les habitants de la banlieue ont organisé un sit-in pour  exiger la fermeture de Mbeubeuss, la plus grande décharge d’ordures de Dakar, que certains qualifient de bombe écologique.

Si les manifestations sont d’ordre sociales au Chili, environnementales en Espagne, elles ont été à la fois économiques, sociales et environnementales au Sénégal.

Ainsi, l’horizon de synthèse des manifestions dans les trois capitales (Santiago, Madrid et Dakar) se trouvant dans trois différents continents, porte le visage et la signature des trois piliers du développement durable.

Toutes ces manifestations nous montrent que nous vivons dans des sociétés dans lesquelles la peur prospère.  Et ce qui est nouveau dans cette situation c’est que la peur est présentée aujourd’hui comme un facteur de sagesse et de prudence. C’est pourquoi de l’avis du philosophe français, Luc Ferry « la peur doit être appréhendée comme une passion positive qui doit nous conduire à la sagesse. Une activité dans laquelle la satisfaction de la population va se jouer dans la qualité de la relation que les gouvernants entretiennent avec les gouvernés ».

Selon le médecin, chercheur, et professeur en immunologie, Jean Claude Ameisen, dans le registre de la vie de tous les jours, nous devons toujours apprendre à faire la différence entre « survivre, continuer à vivre et véritablement vivre…. Et que….  Si les conditions nécessaires à la vie ne sont pas atteintes, la vie ne peut pas continuer à essayer d’atteindre quelque chose d’autre ».

Toute cette réflexion fait appel, de notre part, à trois niveaux de lecture :

  • D’abord, l’imbrication et la fréquence des manifestations posent incontestablement le problème de la gouvernance et du projet collectif que les uns et les autres veulent (Co-) construire ensemble.
  • Ensuite, l’émergence ne doit pas se faire n’importe comment ; mais elle doit se faire en suivant des règles et en fonction de l’environnement.
  • Enfin, chaque étape de la vie, doit être pensée comme une étape de métamorphose et de développement nous permettant d’acquérir quelque chose de nouveau au prix de la perte d’autres choses que nous considérons comme non essentielles dans le but d’atteindre un degré de richesse et d’interactions avec les autres. Ce qui est pour Amesein « l’essentiel de la vie ».

Baye Salla MAR

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