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Yellowstone, l’exemple américain (réussi) de réensauvagement

Yellowstone, l’exemple américain (réussi) de réensauvagement

La réintroduction du loup gris dans le parc américain de Yellowstone est le cas d’école dont s’inspirent les adeptes européens du réensauvagement.

Yellowstone n’avait pas vu l’ombre d’un loup pendant soixante-dix ans, jusqu’à ce que 41 spécimens (capturés au Canada) furent relâchés dans l’enceinte du parc entre 1995 et 1997. Aujourd’hui, selon les années, 80 à 100 individus y sont recensés. Et quelque 400 autres dans les proches environs. Ce qui fait rêver les tenants du rewilding sur le Vieux Continent ? Les effets bénéfiques sur l’ensemble de l’écosystème qu’a eus le retour de l’animal.

1/ Les wapitis ont cessé de proliférer

Avant : Sans leur principal prédateur, ces cervidés pullulaient (19 000 en 1994). Ne se sentant plus menacés, les wapitis broutaient dans les zones dégagées près des rivières.
Après : 
Leur nombre a chuté (4000 à 10 000 selon les années) et ils préfèrent désormais l’abri des sous-bois ou les hauteurs du parc.

2/ Le coyote a été remis à sa place

Avant : Faute de loup, il jouait le rôle de super-prédateur, sans pouvoir réguler le nombre de wapitis. En revanche, il a fait chuter celui des antilopes d’Amérique (sa proie favorite), des petits rongeurs et de leurs prédateurs (rapaces).
Après : 
La population a beaucoup baissé (divisée par deux dans la zone Northern Range), au profit des antilopes, des rongeurs, des oiseaux de proie… et du renard avec lequel le coyote était en compétition.

3/ Les charognards vont mieux depuis la réinsertion des loups à Yellowstone

Avant : Ils devaient se débrouiller seuls pour trouver l’essentiel de leur nourriture.
Après : 
Douze espèces nécrophages se sont multipliées : corbeaux, pies, pygargues à tête blanche ou encore l’ours (qui, de plus, se nourrit de baies qu’il se dispute avec les wapitis).

4/ Les castors reviennent peu à peu

Avant : Privés de nourriture et de matériaux de construction par les wapitis (saules, trembles), ils étaient trop peu nombreux (49 colonies en 1994) pour entretenir les zones de marais qui ont disparu.
Après : 
De nos jours, entre 110 et 130 colonies sont répertoriées selon les années. Pas encore suffisant pour permettre la réapparition de vastes zones humides.

5/ Les rives ont reverdi

Avant : Le broutage répété des wapitis et l’assèchement des sols ont fait presque disparaître la flore des bords de rivières.
Après : 
La végétation basse s’est densifiée et diversifiée. Elle sert de refuge aux batraciens, oiseaux, rongeurs et insectes. De jeunes saules commencent à pousser. Plus fragile, les trembles peinent à revenir.

6/ Les cours d’eau se repeuplent

Avant : Privés des barrages de castors, rivières et ruisseaux ont vu leur débit s’accélérer, provoquant l’érosion des sols.
Après : Le débit des cours d’eau s’est ralenti et les alluvions ont pu se déposer à nouveau dans leur lit, des conditions de vie favorables aux poissons, batraciens et insectes.

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