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Climat: négociations à Bonn entre indécision américaine et détermination chinoise

Climat: négociations à Bonn entre indécision américaine et détermination chinoise

Entre l’indécision américaine et la détermination chinoise à défendre l’accord de Paris, les délégations de plus de 190 pays ont tenté mardi à Bonn d’avancer dans les discussions sur l’application du pacte pour limiter le réchauffement de la planète.

La Maison Blanche a annoncé que la réunion prévue sur ce sujet mardi après-midi à Washington était reportée, sans en préciser les raisons ni annoncer une prochaine date.

Pendant sa campagne, Donald Trump a promis d’ »annuler » l’accord de Paris mais depuis son élection il envoie des signaux contradictoires et son équipe est divisée sur le sujet.

L’administration américaine devrait faire connaître sa position d’ici le prochain G7 fin mai en Italie, le climat étant a priori à l’agenda de cette réunion.

Le retrait des Etats-Unis ne serait pas « insurmontable », a estimé à Bonn (ouest de l’Allemagne) Paula Caballero, experte du World resources institute, mais « cela créerait des problèmes ».

Deuxièmes émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre derrière la Chine, les Américains ont un rôle majeur à jouer dans la transition énergétique vers une économie mondiale « bas carbone », à la fois en termes de financement et d’innovation technologique et au niveau politique afin d’entraîner d’autres pays dans leur sillage.

Face aux hésitations américaines, la Chine a de nouveau affiché sa détermination à défendre l’accord de Paris, qu’elle a fortement contribué à construire avec le prédécesseur de Donald Trump, Barack Obama.

Selon la télévision publique chinoise, lors d’une conversation avec le président français élu Emmanuel Macron, Xi Jinping a fait part mardi de sa volonté de « défendre » avec la France « les acquis de la gouvernance mondiale, dont l’accord de Paris sur le climat ».

A Bonn, certains voyaient dans le report de la réunion à Washington un espoir que Donald Trump ne tourne pas le dos à l’accord de Paris, même s’il a déjà commencé à démanteler la politique climat de M. Obama.

Au même moment, ce dernier, qui s’exprimait lors d’une conférence à Milan, en Italie, a justement jugé que son pays et la Chine devaient « montrer l’exemple » en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique.

– Délégation réduite –

« S’il y a besoin de plus de temps pour prendre une décision, nous soutenons cela », a déclaré à l’AFP Thoriq Ibrahim, le ministre de l’Environnement des Maldives, au nom des Petits Etats insulaires.

« Au cours des derniers jours, nous avons vu la communauté internationale dire combien l’accord est important et il serait énormément profitable que la plus puissante économie travaille à le renforcer », a-t-il ajouté.

Bonn accueille chaque année au printemps des négociations sur le climat, entre deux conférences des parties (COP) annuelles. Les pourparlers ont débuté lundi et prendront fin le 18 mai.

La communauté internationale s’est engagée en décembre 2015 à Paris à agir pour limiter la hausse de la température moyenne « bien en deçà de +2°C », un seuil déjà synonyme de bouleversements à grande échelle, et « si possible à +1,5°C » par rapport à l’ère industrielle.

Les engagements actuels conduisant à une hausse de 3°C du thermomètre mondial, l’accord prévoit que les pays renforcent peu à peu leur action mais aucun partage des efforts n’a été décidé à Paris.

La forme que pourrait prendre un premier bilan sur une base volontaire en 2018 fait partie des discussions.

Les règles de transparence sur les politiques climat des pays et la comptabilité des financements climat sont aussi au cœur des discussions sur le « manuel » de l’accord de Paris.

A Bonn, les Etats-Unis sont présents mais leur délégation compte moins de dix personnes contre plus d’une quarantaine habituellement.

Une source au département d’Etat a indiqué à l’AFP que les Etats-Unis voulaient « s’assurer que des décisions ne porteraient pas préjudice » à leur politique, à la compétitivité de leurs entreprises, et plus généralement à leur croissance économique.

Toute idée de renégociation du texte, fruit de plusieurs années d’âpres discussions, a été fermement rejetée lundi après-midi lors des prises de parole des pays en séance plénière.

Par Céline Serrat avec la voix du Nord

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